SILT HAPPENS #06-1
Incidents: 06-001 to 06-005 (January - February, 2006)
In this issue: Eyewitness evidence, up a trail without a spare, MINS
****** "Silt Happens" Back Issues ******

Content by Bego Gerhart (1T836) --- HTML by Barbara Fincham (1T810) using Microsoft FrontPage


GCSAR Home "Silt Happens" Member Profiles Schedule of Events Operations Statistics

 

 12- 13 GCSAR Winter Travel and Avalanche Awareness.
          [ Read FUNSAR p 113-6, 203-7 ]
Max Forgensi
 12- 17 ALL The Winter People: Training and Party at Geyser Pass, on site 10AM  
 01-02 WRT  Winter Rescue Team Meeting at GCSAR Shed T-Berry
 01-10 GCSAR

Safety and Survival for Responders
          [FUNSAR 6/8]

Frank
 01- 13 LSAFC Basic Avalanche Awareness @ the MIC Max Forgensi
 01- 19 LEPC LEPC Quarterly Meeting at The Grand Center -Noon, RSVP 1T633 Corky "Wesley" Brewer
 01- 26 GCSAR Search Background, Strategy, Operations
          [FUNSAR 14,15]
August
 01- 28 GCSAR Snowmobile Training Day, starts SAR shed 9AM Tony W., State Parks
 02- 3 to 5 LSAFC Level One Avalanche Course, $120, 3 days Dave,  Max
 02- 06 WRT

Winter Rescue Team Meeting: Preparedness, Callout

Dad-Berry
 02- 11  ALL GCSAR & WRT: Mock Incident , Listen for the Pager
 
 
 02- 14 GCSAR IS- 100 (Intro to ICS) -
          NIMS requirement
John Flahie
 02- 23 GCSAR IS- 200 (ICS for Single Resources) -
          NIMS requirement
 
 03- 3 to 6 LSAFC AIARE Level 2 Avalanche Class, Contact LSAFC Dave,  Max
 03- 06 WRT Winter Rescue Team: First Aid Kits, Call Out Procedures T-Berry
 03- 14 GCSAR Land Navigation - class
          [FUNSAR 10]
 
 03- 23 GCSAR Land Navigation - classroom maps  
 03-31 to 04-02 NPS Arches Rock (Call to reserve space) Jason Ramsdell
 04- 08 to 16 RR4W Jeep Safari Week  
 04- 11 GCSAR Land Navigation - (This is during JEEP WEEK)
       6 PM at a site to be paged in Sand Flats
 
 04- 13 to 15 GCSAR Command Post Logistics, Air Branch, Traffic and More  
 04- 20 LEPC LEPC  
 04-24 GCSAR Exxon, Low Angle Rope Rescue Training Frank
 04- 27 GCSAR Tech Rescue and Knots - class
          [FUNSAR 16]
 

Rescuers of the Year for 2005: Jim Gostlin and Bego Gerhart
 
Incident Tally by Month
Average   J-1.6 F-2.7  M-8.4  A-12.1  M-12.0 J-7.1 [43.9]  J-5.3   A-4.9  S-6.3  O-7.4  [67.8]    N-4.8  D-1.7 [74.3]

   2006 -  J-1    F-4
   2005 -  J-4    F-3     M-13   A-12     M- 15   J- 5    [52]    J-  9    A-7     S-13   O-16    [ 97 ]    N-5     D-2     [104]
   2004 -  J-1    F-1     M-15   A-13     M-   9   J- 6    [45]    J-  2    A-5     S- 5    O-  3    [ 60 ]    N-3     D-5     [ 68 ]
   2003 -  J-2    F-1     M-  6   A-12     M- 11   J- 6    [38]    J-  7    A-5     S-11   O-  9    [ 70 ]    N-5     D-0     [ 75 ]
   2002 -  J-0    F-3     M-  9   A-  8     M- 10   J-12   [42]    J-  5    A-7     S- 7    O-  9    [ 70 ]    N-5     D-3     [ 78 ]
   2001 -  J-0    F-2     M-  5   A-11     M-   8   J- 6    [32]    J-  6    A-3     S- 2    O-  2    [ 45 ]    N-5     D-1     [ 51 ]
   2000 -  J-2    F-4     M-  9   A-13     M- 14   J- 7    [49]    J-  3    A-2     S- 9    O-  7    [ 70 ]    N-0     D-0     [ 70 ]
   1999 -  J-1    F-1     M-15   A-  4     M- 11   J- 8    [40]    J-  6    A-9     S- 9    O-13    [ 77 ]    N-7     D-2     [ 86 ]
   1998 -  J-0    F-1     M-  5   A-18     M- 15   J- 3    [42]    J-10    A-2     S- 4    O-  9    [ 67 ]    N-3     D-1     [ 71 ]  
   1997 -  J-4    F-6     M-10   A-  8     M- 16   J- 9    [53]    J-  4    A-6     S- 5    O-  9    [ 77 ]    N-8     D-0     [ 85 ]            
  


MOAB FIRE DEPT: [ MFD ] members received a Garmin E-Trex for Christmas. On Jan 11, their training was GPS familiarization, hosted by Bego. Map info, GPS set-up, 3 coord systems, marking waypoint, GOTO Fun. Lively.


-----------------------------------------------------

Glen Canyon Dam Operations

Releases from Glen Canyon Dam in March, April and May will total 600,000 acre-feet each month. This is an average of 9800 cfs.

Upper Colorado River Basin Hydrology

February 2006 was a dry month in the Colorado River Basin. As February began, basin wide snowpack above Lake Powell was above average. As The month progressed, however, snowpack dropped below average with a total decrease of 15 percentage points during the month. Precipitation in the Upper Colorado River Basin during February was approximately 50 percent of average. Basin wide snowpack (as of March 2, 2006) is currently 93 percent of average. The distribution of snow in the basin varies greatly by geographical location. Snowpack in the San Juan River Basin, for instance, is only 40 percent of average, while snowpack in the Yampa and Colorado River headwaters is about 115 to 120 percent of average.

Inflow to Lake Powell in water year 2006 (which began on October 1, 2005) has been near average, although it dropped off somewhat in February. Unregulated inflow from October 2005 through February 2006 was 94 percent of average. However, unregulated inflow in February 2006 was only 79 percent of average.

In response to the minimal amount of precipitation in February, the National Weather Service has reduced the inflow forecast for Lake Powell this spring. The current forecasted April through July unregulated inflow to Lake Powell for 2006 is 7.2 million acre-feet, 91 percent of average.

The current elevation of Lake Powell is 3,589.7 feet (110.3 feet from full pool). The water surface elevation of Lake Powell is now near its seasonal low. The current projected high elevation of Lake Powell in 2006 is about 3,620 feet (80 feet from full pool), occurring in mid-July. Upper Colorado River Basin Drought

The Upper Colorado River Basin experienced five consecutive years of extreme drought from September 1999 through September 2004. In the summer of 1999, Lake Powell was essentially full with reservoir storage at 97 percent of capacity. Inflow volumes for five consecutive water years were significantly below average. Total unregulated inflow in water years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 was 62, 59, 25, 51, and 49 percent of average, respectively. Lake Powell storage decreased through this five-year drought, with reservoir storage reaching a low of 8.0 maf (33 percent of capacity) in early April of 2005.

Hydrologic conditions improved in water year 2005 in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Lake Powell increased by 2.77 million acre-feet (31 feet in elevation) during water year 2005. Unregulated inflow to Lake Powell in water year 2005 was 105 percent of average.

-----------------------------------------------------

Gene Pool says: "#Days on the River / Total river miles on trip. Divide the two numbers to arrive at some "meaningful" measure of dalliance or zoomery."

-----------------------------------------------------

Rope Rescue Discussion Area Forum Dec 15 2005
From British Columbia Canada: SARBC

Subject: Live patients during practice?!?

From:dberman
   Our plant compliance manager has openly stated that he does not feel it is safe to use live patients during rescue practice sessions. He acknowledges that he is not familiar with any of the equipment and/or its uses and/or the safety factors, but feels there is an inherent risk, one in which little can be done to justify the use of a person. After significant debate he has granted our team some time to gather information to document the "why it is necessary" along with the benefits of using live patients, and the opportunity to document practices which help mitigate risks.
   I hate the fact that I'm having to look it up and document it, but such is life. ........ note the benefits of using live patients (or the negatives of using live patients...... I'm not totally closed mind to the possibility that its an outdated practice...
Dave Marietta OH

From:Rusty
   I think that after being the "subject", any rescuer will retain the feeling of being in a litter. Not having padding at crucial points, or not having something under your knees in a basket, or being tied in correctly are all things that become part of the training environment that sticks with you years later.
Rusty - San Deigo Mtn Rescue Team

From:Michael Dunn
   Hi Dave and all others who have to struggle with this issue, Unfortunately, we have to deal with clients with this attitude on a semi-regular basis with our training company. Here are some of the reasons we have come up with to help justify to them why we do what we do:
   1. A mannekin can't tell the rescuers if their patient packaging techniques are causing pain and discomfort which leads the rescuers to continue reinforcing bad habits and possibly dangerous techniques. (The mannekin didn't fall out so it must have been safe. Right?) We can package real people in a horizontal position on the floor but that still doesn't tell us if we did it right or not if we have to make a vertical raise or lower.
   2. Rescuers will never treat a mannekin with the same care and concern that they show a real person. Come on, be honest. When was the last time you actually treated that CPR mannekin like a real person? I have seen mannequins dropped and equipment destroyed during training because the attitude of the rescuers was "it's just a mannekin and we can't hurt it, put some more muscle into the haul system"
   3. Mannequins do not bend like a real person. OSHA says you have to practice making rescues from the actual or simulated confined spaces. The mannekin won't fit in that 16 inch diameter opening so not training in that space puts you in violation of OSHA regulations.
   4. Mannequins are heavy and aren't weighted like a real person. It is much easier (and safer) to move a rescuer playing victim around than it is a mannekin. The only injuries we have ever had during a class happened to instructors trying to position that heavy, unbalanced manikin for a rescue drill. Strains and back pains are common when dealing with mannequins. With rescuers as victims I can just tell them to get into position for the drill. No strain. No pain.
   5. If we are inspecting and caring for our software and hardware according to the manufacturer's recommendations, NFPA and ASTM standards, then our equipment is safe.
   6. If we are keeping our rescue knowledge level up where it needs to be instead of training by in-breeding then our techniques are safe.
   7. If we are conducting a pre-job safety analysis before and/or during the training session, then we are identifying risks and coming up with solutions to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable level. I usually do this throughout the training session to get the students in the habit of identifying and dealing with hazards. Not all risk can be eliminated but not doing the training because there is still risk involved (even though it is managed) creates a greater risk for the rescuers because they won't truly learn how to deal with the situation before a real life rescue happens.
   8. You need to be sure that you are backing your mainline raising or lowering system up with a proven effective belay system that passes the whistle test. This is also required by OSHA in their fall protection standard.
   9. Rescuers need to understand what a patient experiences during a rescue. It make you a better, safer rescuer.
   10. Mannequins should be used in all training evolutions that present an unacceptable level of risk. Examples are trench rescue, collapsed structure rescue, underwater rescue, vehicle extrication, structural firefighting search and rescue, etc.
   11. Budgets are tight. Mannequins are expensive. Rescuers are easy to replace. (Just joking) Be sure you don't joke about it with your compliance manager. He won't see the humor in it. He is very uncomfortable with a subject he admittedly doesn't understand and is giving you the rare opportunity to "help him understand".
   Be professional in your presentation to him. Take pictures of some of your more challenging rescue areas (ones that are especially hard to put a mannekin in) and explain the rescue problems.
   A rescuer that is not allowed to perform realistic training is an unsafe rescuer. If it is perceived by upper management as not safe to do in training under carefully controlled conditions then how can they ever consider the untrained rescuer to be safe when performing a rescue under real life stresses?
Mike Dunn - President, Emergency Response Training, Inc.

From:Riversong
   Just ask him whether he'd prefer using live patients for training or having dead patients in the event of a real rescue.
Robert

From:irv lichtenstein
   Using real persons for practice victims is appropriate in a controlled situation where your crew has practiced the maneuvers with a dummy or a weight to get it right first. The most difficult part is selecting the victim. Having a live victim reduces your crew by one or more (unless you can use non-member (like the manager?) and may therefore affect performance.
   Managers are risk averse. They see long hours in workers comp and grievance hearings, not reduced costs from increased safety training. Back in ye old days I worked on a site with about 7000 persons spread out over 50 buildings. We had 75 EMT trained employees, gear equal to any BLS ambulance in every building, and two way radio to talk to the county dispatch center. We saved an average of 10 days hospital cost on every cardiac and equivalent on lesser injuries. Most of the responders were hourly, and most of the patients were salaried engineers. When the stats were presented to the company that acquired us the program was expanded to all their sites as well.
irv lichtenstein ilichten1@verizon.net

-----------------------------------------------------

NFPA Rope Rope Rescue
Rope Rescue Discussion Area Forum SARBC ??

What is the NFPA standard for the weight rating for 2 person rescue rope? > 40 kilonewtons or 9000 lbs minimum breaking strength, with a safe working load of 600 lbs (15:1 safety factor).

Subject: 2 person rescue rope     Jan 2, 2006     Happy New Year everyone,

   There is no such thing as a 2-person rope and safety factors are not addressed in the NFPA standards. The 4 current NFPA standards that address rope in one form or another are - NFPA #1006 Standard for Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications, 2003 edition; NFPA #1500 Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2002 edition; NFPA #1670 Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents, 2004 edition; NFPA #1983 Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components, 2006 edition.
   NFPA #1983 is the standard quoted incorrectly most often by rope rescue instructors. It is a manufacturing document, not an end user document. From chapter 1 - "This standard shall specify minimum design, performance, testing, and certification requirements for new life safety rope and new system components including escape rope, water rescue throwlines, life safety harnesses, belts, and auxiliary equipment used for rescue and training by the fire service or similar emergency service organizations." We don't design, test or certify equipment. We use it.

   The current ratings are for "light use" and "general use" equipment. Light use rope = 20 k/n (4496 lbf). General use rope = 40 k/n (8992 lbf).
   NFPA does not specify rescue techniques. That is up to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). If you want to perform a rescue without a belay line and it is okay with your AHJ then the NFPA doesn't care. If you want to perform a rope rescue of six 300 pound people at the same time on light use rope with no belay and it is okay with your AHJ then the NFPA doesn't care.
Lets all make a resolution for 2006 to stop quoting/misquoting NFPA standards from several editions ago and get current.
Mike

-------------------------------------------

2 person rescue rope     Jan 2, 2006      From: irvin lichtenstein

   While 1983 may not specify how to rescue, 1006 and 1670 specify skills and imply usage. NFPA 1500 is referenced by and references all other NFPA fire operations standards and so be careful what your AHJ mandates.
   The NFPA text says it is up to the AHJ (which is not the rescue organization by the way) to specify what you can do and to what service delivery standards you will be held to on their calls. The problem is the AHJ may have specified a specific edition of the standard and not used the language "in effect at time of purchase or training" and some lawyer got a judge to rule that NFPA is best practice, no matter how stupid the rules are or how incomplete. Weigh your firefighters in full turnout with SCBA and see how many are under 300 pounds. Then realize that the general purpose rope is specified at roughly 9000 pounds and figure two firefighters, fully geared up, is the working load it is supposed to support. The original editions specified one person and two person ropes with the strength or break strength specified to be 15 times the assumed working load. This is how that factor got in the literature. By eliminating the load specification the current standard implies that a 9000 pound rope can do anything without breaking.
   The important work for your organization to do is to establish what your practices are and document them. If the AHJ has specified a particular standard get a copy of that and make sure that is the edition they want you follow and then train that way. Unlike other standards making bodies who usually call their documents guidelines, the NFPA specifies procedures that must be followed in detail if adopted.
Irv Lichtenstein

-----------------------------------------------------

Subject:Re:2 person rescue rope    Jan 3 2006     From:Michael Dunn

??? The questioner didn't ask about use, but about NFPA rope standards.

   Very true Robert, she did ask about NFPA rope standards. Specifically, she asked "what is the nfpa standard for the weight rating for 2 person rescue rope?" While past editions of NFPA #1983 defined 1 and 2-person rope and 1 and 2-person loads, the current edition does not. It defines minimum breaking strengths for light-use (20 k/n) and general use (40 k/n) ropes and eliminates 1 and 2 person load definitions. ??? I think we all know that the terminology has been changed to clarify the intent, but the historical usage of one or two-person rope still has some validity in the proper context (for instance, as a rule of thumb for those who aren't going to, and don't need to, remember MBS numbers).
   I think you are incorrect on part of this one Robert. Many (dare I say a majority?) rope rescuers and instructors have not kept up with the always changing standards. I still see supposedly knowledgeable rescuers and instructors quoting the original 20 year old NFPA #1983 standard that said rescue rope had to be brand new, never been used before rope that then had to be destroyed after the rescue.....or used for training.
   I still see a tremendous amount of rescuers quoting 1 and 2-person rope and 1 and 2-person loads and a safety factor of 15 to 1. The only safety factor ever mentioned by NFPA in any edition of 1983 was a 10 to 1 safety factor and it dealt with rescue harness strength, not rope. The 15 to 1 everyone likes to quote as NFPA gospel was merely an implied safety factor that came from dividing the 1 and 2-person loads into the 1 and 2-person rope MBS. If those same people that quote that as gospel would do the math on other auxiliary equipment MBS such as pulleys, ascenders, descenders, etc., as listed in previous editions of 1983 they would find an implied safety factor as low as 8 to 1. Hmmmmm. Thats almost 50% lower than the implied but never stated by NFPA 15 to 1 safety factor. Why don't the knowledgeable rescuers ever mention that?
   I agree with you that there may be some validity, in the proper context as you said, but I almost never see the proper context being used. You did not mention in your reply to Megan that there was a current edition of the standard and that it differs from the Information she was seeking. Instead of trying to further her knowledge in the field of rope rescue, you simply passed on old information.
   Unfortunately, the old, outdated standards are quoted as gospel by some people who haven't changed their outlook on rescue in the last 20 years or so. I also know from reading many of your previous postings that you are definitely not one of those unchanging dinosaurs. ??? You know as well as any of us, Mike, that it's not whether the NFPA "cares", but about whether one is using materials and techniques responsibly (regardless of what the AHJ allows), and how a jury will interpret these standards.
   Sorry, "NFPA cares" was an attempt at being facetious by me. I fully agree with you on this one Robert. It is all about using Materials and techniques responsibly. The problem, and I see it as a huge problem, is that to use materials and techniques responsibly requires training (initial and on-going) from a knowledgeable instructor or instructors who are truly keeping up with the constantly changing world of rope rescue. Far too many instructors learn one thing in a long ago class and hold onto it like a dog with a juicy bone even when it is no longer valid. Much of the rope rescue training available to upcoming rescuers comes from instructors who were minimally trained and never really understood the whole process to begin with and who haven't been to update classes.
   As far as the issue of "the lawyers", everyone had better be in the process (if they haven't already done it) of documenting and justifying why we do what we do in rope rescue and why it is safe. As part of that process, you need to get resumes from your various rope rescue instructors to document their background and experience. I personally know rope rescue "instructors" (at least they claim to be) who have no high angle or confined space rescue problems in their response areas and have never made a response to either type of emergency. Does the rope rescue instructor truly have 20 years experience or were they involved in one rope rescue 20 years ago and they have merely been reliving that one experience for the past 20 years?
   Hope I didn't step on too many toes to start the new year off. Unless, of course, the toes belong to unchanging, non-learning so-called rope rescue instructor/dinosaurs that need to retire and get out of the rescue business for the safety of all of us. ;-)
Mike

-----------------------------------------------------

2 person rescue rope     Jan 3 2006     From:Riversong

   > While past editions of NFPA #1983 defined 1 and 2-person rope and 1 and 2-person loads, the current edition does not.
   And I think it was about time they eliminated those confusing labels, since (for instance) it didn't address a steep-angle litter raise with a patient and three litter bearers (4-person load?).
But the old standard also defined those categories as 300# and 600# working load - and those were at least useful and have been retained in the current standard.
   > I still see supposedly knowledgeable rescuers and instructors quoting the original 20 year old NFPA #1983 standard that said rescue rope had to be brand new, never been used before rope that then had to be destroyed after the rescue.....or used for training.
   Correct me if I'm wrong, but wasn't it the 2001 edition of NFPA 1983 that changed 1 & 2-person to light-use and general-use? If so, that's only 5 years ago, hardly old enough for a dinosaur!
   > I still see a tremendous amount of rescuers quoting...a safety factor of 15 to 1. The only safety factor ever mentioned by NFPA in any edition of 1983 was a 10 to 1 safety factor and it dealt with rescue harness strength, not rope. The 15 to 1 everyone likes to quote as NFPA gospel was merely an implied safety factor
   Actually, the 15:1 SF was explicit in 1983: 4-1.2.1 stated: "The maximum working load for class one- and two-person rope shall be expressed in pounds and be calculated by dividing the new rope minimum breaking strength as specified in 5-1.1 or 5-1.2, as applicable, by a factor not less than 15."
   > If those same people that quote that as gospel would do the math on other auxiliary equipment MBS...they would find an implied safety factor as low as 8 to 1.
   I've never heard anyone use the 15:1 SF to refer to anything other than rope.
   > Hope I didn't step on too many toes to start the new year off.
   I didn't feel any pressure on my toes. And I think we're on the same page when it comes to thorough and current training and using the most important piece of gear in the toolbox: one's brain.
Robert

-----------------------------------------------------

NFPA     Jan 16 2006     From:Riversong

   > correct me if I am wrong but, NFPA only has standards on equipment?
   The most commonly referenced NFPA rope rescue standard, 1983 Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components, is a manufacturer's testing and labeling standard.
   But, in addition, there is NFPA 1670 ROPE RESCUE Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents, which lists general competency standards for Awareness, Operations, and Technician level.
   And there is NFPA 1006 Standard for Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications, which goes into detail on performance requirements for rope rescue, surface water rescue, vehicle and machinery rescue, confined space rescue, structural collapse rescue, and trench rescue.
   But NFPA does not specify how to set up systems, beyond the essential principles necessary to do that safely, effectively, and efficiently.
   For instance, 1006, chapter 6 (Rope Rescue) begins: 6.1 General Requirements. The job performance requirements defined in 6.1.1 through 6.1.10 shall be met prior to certification in rope rescue. 6.1.1 Construct a multiple-point anchor system, given life safety rope and other auxiliary rope rescue equipment, so that the chosen anchor system fits the incident needs, the system strength meets or exceeds the expected load and does not interfere with rescue operations, equipment is visually inspected prior to being put in service, the critical angle is not exceeded, the nearest anchor point that will support the load is chosen, the anchor system is system safety checked prior to being placed into service, the integrity of the system is maintained throughout the operation, and weight will be distributed between more than one anchor point. 6.1.2 Construct a compound rope mechanical advantage system 6.1.3 Construct a fixed rope system 6.1.4 Direct the operation of a compound rope mechanical advantage system 6.1.5 Complete an assignment while suspended from a rope rescue system 6.1.6 Move a victim in a high-angle or vertical environment 6.1.7 Direct a team in the construction of a highline system 6.1.8 Direct a team in the operation of a highline system 6.1.9 Ascend a fixed rope 6.1.10 Descend a fixed rope

NFPA     Jan 21 2006 09:56     From:Mark

   The NFPA 1983 standard does not specify a SWL for life safety rope. It only specifies a MBS. If you look in a recent Sterling rope catalog, you will notice that they use a 10:1 ratio to determine SWL. Manufacturers are responsible for establishing SWL for their products. Sterling is one of the few manufacturers that seems to keep up to the changes in the NFPA standards. Understandably, this can be a huge pain in the ass to have to constantly change your labeling and literature every time the standards change. >

-----------------------------------------------------

NFPA     Jan 25 2006     From:Robert  Riversong
   > Like I said, Sterling has tried to stay current with the latest standard and their 40kn rope has a SWL of 4kn. It is always best to look at manufacturers recommendations.
   Those aren't "recommendations" - they are legally-mandated limits. And the term SWL (safe working load) has been largely discarded for the more accurate WLL (working load limit), which is defined as the maximum load a piece of equipment can handle in a straight-line force with no modifications of equipment (no knots, no deflections, no edges, no shared loads, etc).
   Where SWL is still used, it is defined as a down-rated WLL, determined by a competent technician, for a particular application of the component. [see: http://www.irata.org/uploads/healthandsafety/WLLSWL.pdf]
   > Why limit yourself to 600lbf when you are allowed to go up to 900lbf.
There is nothing in NFPA which "limits" a load to 600 lbs. It is simply the testing standard chosen to represent a "typical" rescue load.
   But if you're using any component of a rescue system at or near its WLL, then you have failed to properly analyze the system and make an appropriate judgment of SWL for that specific application.
   This is not a simple thing for even qualified technicians to do under the stresses of a rescue scenario. Hence it is entirely appropriate to adopt standard "rules of thumb", such as a 15:1 or a 10:1 component safety factor to remove some of the guesswork. Having said that, I'm a strong advocate of technical rescue technicians having the mechanical understanding necessary to make appropriate judgment calls in unusual or complex (or even simple) scenarios.

NFPA     Jan 27 2006     From:Riversong
   > What about 1006? IS this just a standard which outlines what a Technician should be or does it cover operations level as well?
   NFPA 1006 details specific competencies and their requisite knowledge and skill sets in the general field of Rope Rescue (as well as surface water rescue, vehicle and machinery rescue, confined space rescue, structural collapse rescue, trench rescue, and - in the 2003 edition - subterranean rescue, dive rescue, and Wilderness rescue)
   For instance, for Rope Rescue, one competency is: 6.1.1 Construct a multiple-point anchor system, given life safety rope and other auxiliary rope rescue equipment, so that the chosen anchor system fits the incident needs, the system strength meets or exceeds the expected load and does not interfere with rescue operations, equipment is visually inspected prior to being put in service, the critical angle is not exceeded, the nearest anchor point that will support the load is chosen, the anchor system is system safety checked prior to being placed into service, the integrity of the system is maintained throughout the operation, and weight will be distributed between more than one anchor point.
   (A)* Requisite Knowledge: Critical angles and effects and risks of exceeding the critical angle, safety issues in choosing anchor points, system safety check methods that allow for visual and physical assessment of system components, methods to evaluate the system during operations, integrity concerns, weight distribution issues and methods, knots and applications, selection and inspection criteria for hardware and software, formulas needed to calculate safety factors for load distribution, and the concepts of static loads versus dynamic loads.
   (B) Requisite Skills: The ability to determine incident needs as related to choosing anchor systems, select effective knots, calculate expected loads, evaluate incident operations as related to interference concerns and set-up, choose anchor points, perform system safety check, and evaluate system components for compromised integrity.
   > From what I understand NFPA recognizes 1. Awareness, 2. Operations, 3. Technician levels. IS there a Specialist level too?
   NFPA 1670, which is specific to Rope Rescue, categorizes the three levels of competency: awareness, operations, and technician. There is no "specialist" level because this standard is for organizations, not individuals.

-----------------------------------------------------

06-1   1-28-06   Agency Assist Arches Natural Park Search for Missing Female
  
The undependability of some eyewitnesses. A guy with 2 gals was driving in the park after 10 pm. The gals argued and exited the vehicle by the side of the road. Moments later (?) one gal walked up road, one down road. The guy picked one of them up (?), turned around on the road and spent 1 (?) or was it 2 (?) hours looking for her.
   He then contacts Arches Ranger Karen (A222) at 0130 hrs. Other Rangers were contacted and at 0245 GCSAR was paged.
   Where is the search area? The guy and gal said there were about 1/4 mile outbound from the Courthouse Wash Bridge (?). Or were they at the parking lot just next to the Bridge (?). We began searching that area. Sam brought the Command Post. Nancy and Shalla and Margy did the SARDOG thing. We covered the area pretty well. And we all agreed that our new flashlights are the best. About 5 am we gathered at the Command Post to develop the next plan. It would be light soon.
   Brian stepped out of the CP for some reason and there she was, sitting in the guy’s parked car. They didn’t come tell us.
   The lost gal said she had walked the whole time, never leaving the road. She said she passed the Delicate Arch Road, Panorama Point Road and the Windows Road. She found a tourist at Balanced Rock and asked for a ride into town.. The tourist took her to the parking lot where we all were.
   So, if the walking girl’s story is true, the argument must have happened way up near Devil’s Garden, not at courthouse Wash, a difference of 15 miles. Oh.?
     Responders: Bego, Nancy, Shalla, Margy, Jim, Jon, Dave, Barbara, Sam
            ARCHES: Glen 220, Gary 221, Karen 222 Even 1 T Brian 10

                                    Larry Van Slyke: "Expect the unexpected."

-----------------------------------------------------

Snowmobile Training by Tony White, Utah State Parks Morning in the classroom, after lunch up at Geyser Pass in shallow snow. Responders: Steve Brownell, Kris Hurlburt, Jim Gostlin get full credit. Paula, Shawn, Bego (Zzzzz) get partial credit.

-----------------------------------------------------

From Happy Morgan--- "Mere occurrence brings us no where near the truth. What happens is fact, not truth. The truth is what we THINK about what happened." ( Story by R. McKee )

-----------------------------------------------------

06-2   2-4-06   Stranded Female at Snowed in Cabin Beaver Creek
   Him and her were driving west over the mountain from Gateway to Moab.. The vehicle broke down. They went to a known near-by cabin.
   Leaving her in the cabin (light and heat), he hiked out from 3 pm to 7 am on the snowy road. Good moon . He got in to an unlocked car near Willow Basin just before dawn to warm up. He waited for first light. Then he walked to Bill Howard’s cabin. Bill got him to a phone.
   Zane, that’s Deputy Zane 1T9, and Bego got the snowmobiles. Zane got stuck just before Fisher Point. Frank, who came up for Communications relay, and got him unstuck.
We machined to the gate just before the cabin over on Beaver Creek. There was no key to the lock where they said one should be. Zane walked to the cabin and escorted the gal with 2 dogs walked out to the machines.
     Responders: Zane, Bego, Frank

06-3   2-5-06   Stranded Vehicle Polar Mesa Rd
   A vehicle with 2 folks and a dog had a flat tire up in the snowy road off Polar Mesa. They walked a half mile to the Gateway Road to cell phone out. The 911 call went to Delta, Colorado, who patched to Grand County SO who patched to our cell phone. Loud and clear.
   She said she was on page 191 of Well’s book. Said she was standing on the snowmobile tracks we made yesterday.
   Sam and Frank, in the Big Bronco with chains on all 4 tires, drove thru the snow and night to fetch them up. Dave had the snowmobiles at Willow Basin in case the Bronco couldn’t get there.
     Responders: Dave, Barbara, Sam, Frank, Bego

06-4   2-12-06   Agency Assist Arches NP Carry Out
   A small oriental gal in slippers injured her ankle up near Wall Arch. Karen went to see, paging GCSAR and EMS on the way.
   A litter and wheel did the trick.
     Responders: Dave, Barbara, Bego, Sam, Duckie, Cody, Mike
            NPS: Karen, Gary and several others

NOTE: Arches NP has so few personnel that GCSAR will be paged for all carry outs.

-----------------------------------------------------

NEW SEARCH AND RESCUE FEES- approved by the County Council
   Basic Callout                   $1275.00
   ATV, PWC, Snowmobile             $125.00
   River Rescue Boats               $250.00
   Low Angle Rope Rescue            $800.00
   High Angle Rope Rescue          $1600.00
   Back Country Litter Carry-Out    $800.00

   A high angle rescue, carrying out the subject would cost $3675.00 if it happened right by the main road. (That’s $153 per month for 2 years)

Note: Other Utah counties are looking this way for guidance on charging for SAR activities. Some counties don’t have the tax base to do it for free. Some people think having to pay for SAR is NOT right / ethical.

-----------------------------------------------------

GCSAR Training    2-14-06    NIMS
   John Flahie, MFD, has been dealing with the ICS thing from the beginnings 25 years ago. So he taught "IS-100 Incident Command System" to us and went over the test. This and several other NIMS-driven courses are now required by the Feds for various reasons.
   Training Officers Frank and *Sally are making the NIMS courses doable. thanks yous

-----------------------------------------------------

History: Andy Hall, one of Major Powell’s men, wrote home

Ehrenburg    arizona ter    March 6, 1870

   Dear sis it is a long time sins I have herd frome home on acount of drifting about so much frome one place to another I have ben in seven or eight diferent teritorys and part of california i am now on the collorado river that runs betweene irasona and california whare I think I will stop this sommer this is the hotest place i ever was in snow is never knowne here I dont like this warme climate in the foul I will either come home or go to colorado and start a rencio [rencho?] my last years work has beene all throne away exploring this river i started wih the intention of finding some god farming land and failed to find any there is some good land nere prescot and vegtebels and grane is very hy but the indians will not let the country git setled a man can not go out to the plow withought his gun and pistole with him and carful as they are theyre is always some one geting kiled the country is so rough around there that the soldiers can't follow them I have no more newes at present if you get this leter write soon give my love to all your truly from your wild nefue A Hall

-----------------------------------------------------

2-18-05    Search    Island in the Sky
TBerry and Louis found some overdue bikers on the White Rim Trail well after dark.

-----------------------------------------------------

06-5    2-18-06    Overdue Bikers Porcupine Rim
   These teens started their ride at 3:30 pm. It got dark before they finished. Duh.
   The two faster riders discovered they had a light after all. They came down the singletrack to call for help. They had no idea where they became separated and not much of a clue otherwise.
   We were going to send two people up the trail and two in the top on ATVs. Just as we were leaving the shed, the missing two showed up at the Aarchway Inn.
     Responders: Bego, Dave, Barbara, Mike, Aug and Steve Brownell.

-----------------------------------------------------



Mock Winter Rescue- Grand County Search and Rescue and the S.E. Utah Winter Rescue Team

Paged at 0805 hrs. A ski accident at 38º 29.379' x 109º 13.952'.

All at once: - Start the call down list.
- Continue gathering information about the incident
- Gather equipments in the GCSAR Shed- Radios, spare batteries, hypo pack
- Go get the snowmobiles at EOC: Helmets, tow sleds, hitches, handles, snowshoes, etc
- Page an ambulance??
- Will this event expand and need a larger ICS arrangement??

By 0915 we are all in the Geyser Pass Trailhead parking lot.
- Get Hasty Team ready with warm stuff and first aid.
- Unload snowmobiles, do pre-flight checks, get set up to tow 2 Skiers behind each machine
- Who and what goes uphill on first, second, third trips by the machines.
- Which tow sleds go? What equipments go? Sequencing, timing, COMMUNICATION

At 1015, the machines and 4 Hasty Team reach the end of possible/practical snowmobiling.
- Hasty Team proceeds ahead toward subject using the given Coordinates as a GOTO
- Machines return to Base

It was 1045 when the Hasty Team reached the subject
(Paul Frank plays "Jimmy" who was hurt bad)
Hasty Team gives assessment and begins to warmly package Jimmy.
Rescue by helicopter discussed. Stomp out an LZ? U of U has a winch.
Mechanism of injury vs time of day, WIND

10:55- machines return to Base for 2nd round of equips and people.

By Noon, we were ready to bring Jimmy down to Base. However, we stayed up in Moonlight Meadows taking turns running the Toboggan downhill, returning uphill via the machines.

We then decided to ski Jimmy out, no machine tow. Fun.

Debrief:
   To keep the machines from overheating on the very packed road, we drove off the side of the road into the
thick snow as often as possible to keep the track flicking snow up on the radiator.
   A pull cord broke. Jim had a piece of 3mm cord which we wrapped around the clutch housing and pulled. Started!
   What should really be in a Hasty Team first aid kit?? Stuff to warm the subject but what else?
   Base should be appraised fairly often as to what is happening on the mountain.
   -->As usual, Radio Communication was the hardest thing to solve. The signal was not clear from just anywhere
in the Moonlight/Geyser area down to Base.
     Responders: TBerry, Bego, Barb, Mike
            WRT: Dave Madera the Forecaster, Mark, Craig, Kalen, Paul (Jimmy)

 

 


"Silt Happens" Back Issues

#05-6 (Nov-Dec, 2005) -- Multiple BASE jumpers hang-up on the same cliff,  we slip into the New Year
#05-5 (Sept-Oct, 2005) -- ATVers, BASE Jumpers and a River Rescue
#05-4 (July-August, 2005) -- An angry  rattlesnake , a manhunt and an ATV accident requiring a 100 ft technical rock rescue
#05-3 (May-June, 2005) -- ATV incidents increase but it's heat that takes the toll
#05-2 (Mar-Apr, 2005) -- Winter rescue at a B&B, a rock falls from under a camper and a night-time river trip
#05-1 (Jan-Feb, 2005) -- Search training, an active snow season, and a night-time rescue
 

#04-6 (Nov-Dec, 2004) -- Snow and mud mean overdue people
#04-5 (Sept-Oct, 2004) -- Bikers fall, camper falls, and one person picks up a snake
#04-4 (July-August, 2004) -- Dehydration and falls
#04-3 (May-June, 2004) -- Lost hikers, a fallen climber and a missing hitchhiker


#02-6 (Nov-Dec, 2002)--Depressed people, a speeding semi and winter warnings
#02-5 (Sept-Oct, 2002) – Floating Hummer, Mystery Ropes, Two Recoveries
#02-4 (July-August, 2002) -- Stuck kids, more broken bikers and lost hikers
#02-3 (May-June, 2002) -- Hot bikers, dried bikers, late bikers...lessons in desert biking.
#02-2 (Mar-Apr, 2002) -- Flying cars, rolling jeeps, crashing ATV's -- another typical Easter in Moab
#02-1 (Jan-Feb, 2002) -- Hummering along, Olympically Torched, Dogsgone


#01-5 (Sept-Dec, 2001) -- Three cheers for Nancy, more fun on the rocks, broken bones
#01-4 (July-August, 2001) -- Mock muck, river claims victims, aMAZEing survival
#01-3 (May-June, 2001) -- Group heat exhaustion, Zane flies, boys get stuck
#01-2 (March-April, 2001) -- Rocks fall, bones break, bikers get lost
#01-1 (Jan-Feb., 2001) -- Doggie Bagged; Pilot dies in Book Cliffs crash


#00-5 (Sept.-Oct. 2000) -- Brad finds a son; a relatively quiet couple of months.
#00-4 (July-August2000) --
Airplane crash, a note from Colin, the search for Jeff Firak
#00-3  (Apr-June2000) -- Stuck on the Tombstone, the usual lost and dried bikers, Chris's Mill Creek adventure, Clinton stabilizes Frank's porch
#00-1,2,&2.5 (Jan-Apr2000) -- Nathan jumps, Matt splats, waiting for high water, confluence disappears, Mill Creek wall strike


#99-5 (Sept-Dec99) -- The "Mari" incident, Westwater drowning, Jeeping off Gemini, Stuck on Fine Jade
#99-4 (July - August 99) -- NPS Whitewater Rescues; Prepare Fair; Tracking by Sgt.Green; Credit for responding, finishing the job; Air Life's preferred radio freq;
                                               The Puke Frog returns; Lightning
#99-3 (May-June 99) -- Cataract High; Web rescue; Disaster Brothers; Search Training; Short Haul at altitude; Leadership; Rescue: Who pays
#99-2 (Mar-Apr 99) -- River Peak Flow Forecast; Arches Rock Rescue; Lift Evacuation Team; Huge Fund Raiser; Thanks Brad; Knotcraft
#99-1 (Jan-Feb 99) -- Adventure; "Too Short"; Gary Haynes; Evac Team Paid Now


#98-6 (Nov-Dec 98) -- Thanks Yous; Tramway and rescue plans; Cellular Phonefinder; Practice Safe Response; Pipeline Go BOOM
#98-5 (Sept-Oct 98) -- Credit for Responding; Colin Smith @ NPS SAR; Response Statistics; Old Men Do Cliff ResQ; Documentation; SLTrib: $ for SAR
#98-4 (July-Aug 98)
#98-3 (May-June 98)
#98-2 (Mar-Apr 98)
#98-1 (Jan-Feb 98)


#97-6 (Nov-Dec 97)
#97-5 (Sept-Oct 97)
#97-4 (July-Aug 97)
#97-3 (May-June 97)
#97-2 (Mar-Apr 97)
#97-1 (Jan-Feb 97)